When Does a Token Qualify as “Electronic Money”? The Boundary Between Stablecoins and E-Money Under EU Law
The growing popularity of stablecoins is making their legal classification increasingly important. A key issue is determining whether a token offered as a “means of payment in Web3” should in fact be classified as electronic money within the meaning of the EMD2 Directive. Why does this matter? As emphasised by Wojciech Ługowski, attorney-at-law and managing […]
Incorporation and Operation of Blockchain Companies in Offshore Jurisdictions – a Regulatory Overview of Selected Jurisdictions: British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Estonia
The development and growing adoption of blockchain technology mean that Web3 projects are increasingly moving rapidly from the conceptual stage to actual business operations. At this point, one of the key decisions becomes the choice of the legal environment in which the project will be developed and, at a later stage, commercialised. When selecting a […]
Blockchain Crowdfunding – ICO, STO, IDO. How Do They Differ?
New Funding Models in the Blockchain World Technology startups operating in the blockchain space increasingly rely on alternative forms of raising capital. Instead of traditional financing (e.g. venture capital or business angels), they choose to issue tokens and use crowdfunding models based on distributed ledger technology. The most common models include Initial Coin Offering (ICO), […]
Typical Legal Mistakes of Blockchain Startups and How to Avoid Them
In the blockchain world, technology often moves faster than the law – and startups that act quickly and boldly do not always act with sufficient legal awareness. Unfortunately, many legal mistakes made in the early stages of development can hinder the scaling of a project, discourage investors, or lead to costly consequences. This is especially […]
How to do Fintech in Poland?
The latest report, How to do Fintech in Poland?, published by FinTech Poland, is a compendium of knowledge for technology companies planning to expand in Poland. Experts from the Lawarton law firm present key regulatory changes that are already affecting fintech strategies in Europe, i.e., the MiCA regulation and the new AML package. Wojciech Ługowski, in […]
Compliance. A Practical Commentary
On May 13, 2025, a publication long awaited by many compliance practitioners was released: Compliance. A Practical Commentary with Templates. Praxis, edited by Salwador Milczanowski. Our experts, Wojciech Kapica and Natalia Rosiak, co-authored this comprehensive work. Their contributions are included in Chapter 10, AML/CFT in Non-Financial Institutions. This is an essential resource for anyone responsible […]
Accounting and tax instructions
We would like to recommend to all those who are interested in the subject of taxes and accounting the new book position ‘Accounting and tax instructions’, published by C.H. Beck. The chapter devoted to AML/CFT procedures and the reporting of the beneficial owner was written by our lawyers – Wojciech Kapica and dr. Aleksander Szpojankowski. The book, […]
AML today’s challenges – safe tomorrow
On 20 April 2023, an AML TODAY CHALLENGES – SAFE TOMORROW training was held, with Wojciech Kapica as one of the trainers. The event was organised by Rzeczpospolita Konferencje and was held entirely online. W. Kapica presented his speech entitled. “What do the decisions of the GIIF and the KNF (Polish Financial Supervision Authority) to impose fines for AML/CFT […]
Compliance & Integrity Days 2022
On 5 October 2022, the 5th edition of Compliance & Integrity Days, the largest Compliance & Integrity conference in Poland, took place. Lawarton was a partner of this year’s conference. Wojciech Kapica took part in a panel discussion AML: what new things is the EU preparing for us? This year’s edition was held in Warsaw, […]
Agreement on the Transfer of Funds Regulation (TFR) and the Markets in Crypto Assets (MICA)
Link to MICA Link to TFR Everyone who invests in cryptocurrencies and follows the cryptocurrency market will be interested in the content of the deals that were worked out a few days ago at the EU level. The Council presidency and the European Parliament reached the preliminary agreement on the so-called Transfer of Funds Regulation (TFR) and […]