DORA and blockchain – are DLT network operators subject to the EU regulation on digital operational resilience?
With the start of the application of EU Regulation (EU) 2022/2554, the Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA), which began to apply on 17 January 2025, entities operating in the financial sector in Europe have faced a new challenge related to security and digital operational resilience. DORA introduces comprehensive requirements concerning ICT risk management, digital resilience […]
Wojciech Ługowski as a panellist at Bitget Crypto Elites Poland
On 14 December 2025, Warsaw hosted the Bitget Crypto Elites Poland event, which focused on key challenges and development directions for blockchain technology in Poland. Wojciech Ługowski took part in the panel discussion entitled ‘Is Poland keeping pace with the development of blockchain technology?’ The discussion focused on the implementation of MiCA regulations in Poland and […]
Blockchain Crowdfunding – ICO, STO, IDO. How Do They Differ?
New Funding Models in the Blockchain World Technology startups operating in the blockchain space increasingly rely on alternative forms of raising capital. Instead of traditional financing (e.g. venture capital or business angels), they choose to issue tokens and use crowdfunding models based on distributed ledger technology. The most common models include Initial Coin Offering (ICO), […]
DAO under European law – can a decentralised organisation be a legal entity?
A Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) is a structure now typical of Web3 – built on smart contracts, automated rules and community governance. DAOs have no management board, no registered office address and no traditional articles of association. Instead, they have code, tokens and, sometimes, voting on Discord. It sounds innovative, but from the perspective of […]
Typical Legal Mistakes of Blockchain Startups and How to Avoid Them
In the blockchain world, technology often moves faster than the law – and startups that act quickly and boldly do not always act with sufficient legal awareness. Unfortunately, many legal mistakes made in the early stages of development can hinder the scaling of a project, discourage investors, or lead to costly consequences. This is especially […]
Blockchain without protection? See what you can safeguard and how to do it
Blockchain is not just code. It’s algorithms, architectures, tokenomics, and know-how that teams work on for months. In a world where copying solutions can take just days, the question “how do we protect all this?” becomes critical. And there is no single answer. Why Think About Protection Early? In startups and blockchain-based projects, the pace […]
The End of VASPs, Time for CASPs – New Licenses for Crypto Firms in the EU
From July 2026 at the latest, companies operating in the crypto-asset market in the European Union will be required to hold a CASP license. Entrepreneurs who previously provided services as so-called VASPs (Virtual Asset Service Providers) will need to transition and become authorised as CASPs under MiCA. This means not only a change in the […]
SEC launches “Project Crypto”
Amerykańska SEC zapowiada kompleksową inicjatywę regulacyjną skierowaną do sektora blockchain, DeFi i tokenizacji. „Project Crypto” to pierwszy tak spójny zestaw założeń, który może wyznaczyć standardy także poza USA. Planned reforms include: precyzyjne kryteria klasyfikacji tokenów (security, commodity, stablecoin) wytyczne dla legalnych emisji tokenów i airdropów ramy prawne dla stakingu i self-custody tokenizację papierów wartościowych jako […]
Compliance. A Practical Commentary
On May 13, 2025, a publication long awaited by many compliance practitioners was released: Compliance. A Practical Commentary with Templates. Praxis, edited by Salwador Milczanowski. Our experts, Wojciech Kapica and Natalia Rosiak, co-authored this comprehensive work. Their contributions are included in Chapter 10, AML/CFT in Non-Financial Institutions. This is an essential resource for anyone responsible […]
MiCA 2025: New regulations for utility tokens – what do issuers need to know?
From mid-2025, crypto projects issuing utility tokens in the EU will be subject to new legal obligations. While regulations for such tokens are still more lenient than payment tokens, the MiCA regulation introduces new requirements, including the obligation to notify of issuance and publish a white paper. Project founders and compliance departments should prepare for […]